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Source: Research on decision-making strategy of soccer robot based on multi-agent reinforcement learning International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems May 2020 17(3):172988142091696 DOI: 10.1177/1729881420916960 Research question, background & motivation Repeated games are used to study cooperation because they show a common real-life feature: the same individuals interact more than once. In a one-time encounter, choosing to betray someone can seem appealing because it of

Mimicking the complex biological design of the human brain and leveraging the characteristics of spiking neural networks to build more reliable and robust AI models In today’s world, people use and trust popular artificial intelligence models for a large variety of day-to-day tasks and queries. This trust has been developed between the creators of such AI models and users solely because they have achieved human-like speed, quality and relevance in daily tasks. However, these

What are protein condensates? Biomolecular condensates are small ‘compartments’ created inside cells without any membrane playing key roles to organise myriad biochemical reactions. Unlike typical cell structures, these condensates are formed due to a process called liquid-liquid phase separation, where specific proteins clump together (like oil droplets in water). This phenomenon is studied worldwide but how exactly the sequence of amino acids in these proteins defines the

Introduction Cells constantly remodel the structure of their internal membranes to help traffic and transport proteins, lipids, and other forms of cargo. This happens through essential processes like membrane fusion, scission and intraluminal vesicle formation which are integral to cellular function and maintaining homeostasis. While significant research has been done on the mechanisms through which these processes occur, the direct, in-situ visualization and characterization

BACKGROUND Over the past two decades, G protein‑coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as one of the most intensively studied drug target families, underpinning therapies across cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological and oncological disease. Conventional small‑molecule and peptide ligands, however, often struggle to achieve the desired selectivity and signaling precision for individual GPCR subtypes or conformational states. Antibodies offer a way to overcome these limitatio

It has long been established that beyond a certain age , typically above 60 years, one’s immune response starts to weaken. This means that individuals become more susceptible to infection and vulnerable to cancers as a result of reduced vaccine effectiveness and decreasing immune cell population - a process known as Immunosenescence. This raises a critical question , is it possible to reverse or retard these changes ? Scientists have been working closely to rejuvenate immune

Introduction It is a known fact that the demand for basic necessities such as water,energy and food is increasing continuously. However, due to the combination of excess demand and less supply, the basic economic problem (scarcity) arises. All these necessities are interconnected as water is an essential resource for the growth of crops from which food comes. Additionally, irrigation and electrical energy are the main processes that require freshwater in immense amounts. Thi

23 June 2025 A recent but major breakthrough in developmental and reproductive biology along with regenerative medicine is the ex vivo generation of synthetic human embryos without the need for a sperm or egg from stem cells long enough for some organs to develop. It represents a revolutionary leap in science that opens up a whole new series of ethical, regulatory, and societal debates. A new world where life is reimagined in a laboratory using advanced stem cell techniques.

Cancer, Type 1 diabetes, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and certain types of HIV—the diseases that have made the majority of the world and its residents miserable—are all tied to our genes and lifestyle. A fate that no one can change, right? What if that is not the case? Throughout the 21st century, scientists have persistently attempted to find a solution to genetic “fates,” whether hereditary or caused by environmental mutations. On October 7, 2024, Victor Ambros a

For centuries, memory has been understood as a function exclusive to the brain. However, a recent study at New York University challenges this long-held belief, revealing that non-neural cells may also possess memory-like capabilities. The team led by Dr. Nikolay V. Kukushkin, discovered that non-brain cells can learn and store information just like neurons do. We tend to retain information better when we study in spaced intervals rather than in a single, intensive session—b

A nine-year collaborative project involving teams from the South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), The University of Adelaide, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, and La Trobe University has recently culminated in a groundbreaking discovery. The team has identified a new type of progenitor cell, EndoMac progenitor, which holds great promise for advancing regenerative wound healing applications. Dr. Sanuri Liyanage from SAHMRI highlighted the remarkab

A recent study suggests that Mars' early thick atmosphere may be locked up in the planet's clay-rich surface, offering new insights into the Red Planet's ancient climate and potential for habitability. Conducted by a team of researchers from MIT, the study suggests that the clays on Mars could contain significant amounts of carbon dioxide, which once constituted a dense atmosphere. This discovery not only sheds light on the Red Planet's geological history but also opens up ex